我說：

使用Google瀏覽器有翻譯功能，目測可以翻譯后中文可以保持較準確的原意。

A famous person said: history is always similar to be seen in multiple events along the historical river.

So a series of arrows will eventually point to the single event through various facts and documents. This event may be ranged shortly among very short moment or a long historical stage.

This paper will focus on the history from the film ‘Anthropoid’ through investigating and collecting information as to give a clear, equal and unbiased appearance towards every main characters in the film. Additionally, this paper will focus on the eventsappeared in this film.

WWII Europe 1941-1942 Map

Before introducing the event of Operation Anthropoid which is the original event in the film, we should firstly introduce the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

Czechoslovakia during 1918-1938

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was a protectorate of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia on 15 March 1939. Czechoslovakia was firstly demanded to give the control of the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler in September 1938. And on 26 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the Appeasement at the Munich Conference, which was finally known by the world, the Munich Agreement. Additionally, the remainder (“rump”) of Czechoslovakia was invaded and divided into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the puppet Slovak State.

Until to the date on 27 September 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, the aim of Operation Anthropoid, was appointed Deputy Reich Protector of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and assumed control of the territory.

Reinhard Heydrich

Due to the reason that Hitler, Himmler, and Heydrich felt the former protector Konstantin von Neurath’s “soft approach” to the Czechs had promoted anti-German sentiment and encouraged anti-German resistance via strikes and sabotage. Upon his appointment, Heydrich told his aides:

We will Germanize the Czeh vermin.

Heydrich came to Prague, the capital of Czech, to enforce policy, fight resistance to the Nazi regime, and keep up production quotas of Czech motors and arms that were “extremely important to the German war effort”. To realize his goals Heydrich demanded racial classification of those who could and could not be Germanized. He explained:

Making this Czech garbage into Germans must give way to methods based on racist thought.

During his rule by terrorizing the population of Protector before the date on December 1941, the date of starting the plan of Operation Anthropoid, Heydrich arrested estimated between 4,000 and 5,000 people. By 3 October 1941, the decision was taken by Czechoslovak military intelligence in London to kill Heydrich. This is the starting date of planning Operation Anthropoid.

Planning Operation

There are several reasons of planning to kill Heydrich. Firstly, he was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and an important figure in the rise of Adolf Hitler; he was given overall charge of the Final Solution (Holocaust) of the Jews in Europe. Secondly, killing him can help confer legitimacy on government-in-exile in London, as well as for retribution against Heydrich’s brutally efficient rule. The third reason is that, during the WWII, the resistance was active from the very beginning of occupation in several other countries defeated in open warfare, but the subjugated Czech lands remained relatively calm and produced significant amounts of materiel for Nazi Germany. The purpose of operation is to demonstrated to senior Nazis that they were not beyond the reach of allied forces and the resistance groups they supported. (Maybe this is the reason in the beginning screen that the locals want to sell the two intelligence to the Nazi. Some of the locals in Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to follow the rule by Nazi German rather than defeating. Another reason of selling was probably the terrorizing control by Heydrich.)

After starting the plan, Czechoslovak intelligence was trained by the British Special Operation Executive (SOE). Preparation began on 20 October 1941. the intelligence was selected from 2,000 exiled Czechoslovak soldiers based in Britain. In the training, one of the intelligence of operation was replaced by another person after the intelligence received a head injury during training. This replacement made the new intelligence named Jan Kubis had not completed training, nor had the necessary false documents been prepared for him. (The potential reason of operation “failure”) Another intelligence was Jozef Gabcik.

Insertion

On 28 December 1941, the intelligence, Gabcik and Kubis landed near the east of Prague and there was a mistaken landing due to the navigation problems of pilots. In Prague, they contacted several families and anti-Nazi organizations who helped them during the preparations for the assassination. Upon learning of the nature of the mission, resistance leaders begged the Czechoslovak government-in-exile to call off the attack, say that:

An attempt against Heydrich’s life... would be of no use to the Allies and its consequences for our people would be immeasurable. Benes, the head of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in British, personally broadcast a message insisting that the attack go forward, although he denied any involvement after the war. Professor Voitech Mastny, an American historian of Czech descent, argues that

he clung to the scheme as the last resort to dramatize Czech resistance.

Gabcik and Kubis initially planned to kill Heydrich on a train, but after examination of the practicalities, they realized this was not going to be possible.

A second plan was to kill him on forest road that led from Heydrich’s home to Prague. They planned to pull a cable across the road that would stop Heydrich’s car but, after waiting several hours, their commander, Lt. Adolf Opalka who was a member of the Czech sabotage group Out Distance, a WWII anti-Nazi resistance group and a participant in Operation Anthropoid, came to bring them back to Prague.

A third plan was to kill Heydrich in Prague.

The Attack in Prague and Medical Treatment and Death of Heydrich

On 27 May 1942 at 10:30, Heydrich started his daily commute from his home in Paneske Brezany to his headquarters at Prague Castle. Gabcik and Kubis waited at the tram stop at a tight curve near Bulovka Hospital in Prague 8-Liben, where the curve would force the car to slow down. Josef Valcik, member of the Resistance from group Silver A, was positioned about 100 meters north of Gabcik and Kubis as lookout for the approaching car.

Heydrich's green, open-topped Mercedes 320 Convertible B reached the curve two minutes later. As Heydrich's car slowed, Gab?ík stepped in front of the vehicle and tried to open fire with his Sten submachine gun, but it jammed and failed to fire. Instead of ordering his driver, SS-Oberscharführer Klein, to speed away, Heydrich called his car to halt and then stood up to shoot Gab?ík with his Luger pistol. Kubi? then threw a modified anti-tank grenade (concealed in a briefcase) at the rear of the car as it stopped and its fragments ripped through the car's right rear fender, embedding shrapnel and fibres from the upholstery into Heydrich’s body, upon detonation, wounding him. Kubi? was also injured by the shrapnel.

Another of Heydrich’s Mercedes 320 Convertible B cars, similar to the one in which he was mortally wounded.

Heydrich staggered out of the car, apparently unaware of his shrapnel injuries, with his gun in his hand; Gab?ík and Kubi? fired at Heydrich with their Colt M1903 pistols but, themselves shocked by the explosion, failed to hit him. Heydrich then chased Kubi? and tried to return fire. Kubi? jumped on his bicycle and pedaled away. Heydrich ran after him for half a block but became weak from shock and collapsed. Heydrich, still with pistol in hand, gripped his left flank, which was bleeding profusely. He ordered Klein to chase Gab?ík on foot, saying "Get that bastard!". Klein chased him into a butcher shop, where Gab?ík shot him twice with a pistol, severely wounding him in the leg. Gab?ík then escaped in a tram, reaching a local safe house.Gab?ík and Kubi? did not know that Heydrich was wounded, and were convinced the attack had failed.

A Sten submachine gun, Gabcik’s gun suffered from failure to feed. Czechoslovak paratroopers often complained about the low reliability of B

Late in the afternoon of 27 May, SS Karl Hermann Frank proclaimed a state of emergency and curfew in Prague. Anyone who helped the attackers was to be executed along their family. A search involving 21,000 men began and 36,000 houses were checked. By 4 June, 157 people had been executed as a result of the reprisals but the assassins had not been found and no information was forthcoming.

A Czech woman went to Heydrich's aid and flagged down a delivery van. He was placed in the back of the van, on his stomach, and taken to the emergency room at Bulovka Hospital. He had suffered severe injuries to his left side, with major damage to his diaphragm, spleen, and one of his lungs. A splenectomy was performed, and the chest wound, left lung, and diaphragm were all debrided.

Himmler ordered another doctor, Karl Gebhardt, to fly to Prague to assume care. Despite a fever, Heydrich's recovery appeared to progress well. Theodor Morell, Hitler's personal doctor, suggested the use of sulfonamide (a new antibacterial drug), but Gebhardt, thinking Heydrich would recover, declined the suggestion. On 2 June, during a visit by Himmler, Heydrich reconciled himself to his fate by reciting a part of one of his father's operas:

The world is just a barrel-organ which the Lord God turns himself. We all have to dance to the tune which is already on the drum.

Heydrich slipped into a coma after Himmler's visit and never regained consciousness. He died on 4 June; an autopsy concluded he died of sepsis which is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection causes injury to its tissues and organs.

Heydrich's assailants hid in safe houses and eventually took refuge in Ss. Cyril and Methodius Cathedral, an Orthodox church in Prague. After a traitor in the Czech resistance betrayed their location, the church was surrounded by 800 members of the SS and Gestapo. Several Czechs were killed, and the remainder hid in the church's crypt. The Germans attempted to flush the men out with gunfire, tear gas, and by flooding the crypt. Eventually an entrance was made using explosives. Rather than surrender, the soldiers killed themselves. Supporters of the assassins who were killed in the wake of these events included the church's leader, Bishop Gorazd, who is now revered as a martyr of the Orthodox Church.

Consequences

Infuriated by Heydrich's deathon 9 June, the decision was made to “make up for his death”, Hitler ordered the arrest and execution of 10,000 randomly selected Czechs. But after consultations with Karl Hermann Frank, he altered his response. The Czech lands were an important industrial zone for the German military, and indiscriminate killing could reduce the region's productivity. Hitler ordered a quick investigation. Intelligence falsely linked the assassins to the towns of Lidice and Le?áky. A Gestapo report stated that Lidice, 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Prague, was suspected as the assailants' hiding place because several Czech army officers, then in England, had come from there and the Gestapo found a resistance radio transmitter in Le?áky.

On 9 June, after discussions with Himmler and Karl Hermann Frank, Hitler ordered brutal reprisals. Beginning on 10 June, all males over the age of 16 in the villages of Lidice and Le?áky were murdered. All the women in Le?áky were also murdered.

All but four of the women from Lidice were deported immediately to Ravensbrück concentration camp (four were pregnant – they were subjected to forced abortions at the same hospital where Heydrich had died and the women were then sent to the concentration camp). Some children were chosen for Germanization, and 81 were killed in gas vans at the Che?mno extermination camp. Both towns were burned and Lidice's ruins were levelled.[140][141] Overall, at least 1,300 Czechs, including 200 women, were killed in reprisal for Heydrich's assassination.

Additionally, under the Hitler’s ordering investigation and reprisals on the very day of the assassination attempt, more than 13,000 were arrested, including intelligence Jan Kubis girlfriend Anna, who subsequently died in the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp. First Lieutenant Adolf Opalka’s aunt Marie Opalkova was executed in the Mauthausen camp on 24 October 1942; his father Viktor Jarolim was also killed. According to one estimate, 5,000 people were murdered in the reprisals.

Furthermore, in the investigation, a deadline was publicly issued to the military and the people of Czechoslovakia for the assassins to be apprehended by 18 June 1942. If they were not caught by then, the Germans threatened to spill far more blood as a consequence, believing that this threat would be enough to force a potential informant to sell out the culprits. Many civilians were indeed weary and fearful of further retaliations, making it increasingly difficult to hide information much longer. The assailants initially hid with two Prague families and later took refuge in Karel Boromejsky Church, an Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Prague. The Germans were unable to locate the attackers until Karel ?urda of the "Out Distance" sabotage group turned himself in to the Gestapo and gave them the names of the team's local contacts for the bounty of one million Reichsmarks which is a currency in Germany.

(Karel Curda was an active Czech Nazi collaborator during WWII. A solider of the Czechoslovak army in exile, he was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group Out Distance. After the war, Curda was tracked down and arrested. Curda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947. In the alternative theory from Czech historian Plachy, he gave a different account of Curda’s personality and motives. The immediate aftermath of the assassination put Curda under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family and village, just as they had wiped out Lidce and Lezaky, two villages. However, the problem with this theory is that the massacres in Lidice and Lezaky did not occur until almost a moth after Karel Curda’s betrayal. Thus, his betrayal was mainly due to the rewarding of selling out the names of intelligence agent.)

?urda betrayed several safe houses provided by the Jindra group, including that of the Moravec family in ?i?kov. At 05:00 on 17 June, the Moravec flat was raided. The family was made to stand in the hallway while the Gestapo searched their flat. Marie Moravec was allowed to go to the toilet, where she bit into a cyanide capsule and killed herself. Alois Moravec was unaware of his family's involvement with the resistance; he was taken to the Petschek Palace together with his 17-year-old son Ata, who was tortured throughout the day but refused to talk. The youth was stupefied with brandy, shown his mother's severed head in a fish tank, and warned that, if he did not reveal the information that they were looking for, his father would be next. Ata's strong willpower finally snapped, and he told the Gestapo what they wanted to know. Vlastimil "Ata" Moravec was executed by the Nazis in Mauthausen on 24 October 1942, the same day as his father, his fiancée, her mother and her brother were executed.

Waffen-SS troops laid siege to the church the following day, but they were unable to take the paratroopers alive, despite the best efforts of 750 SS soldiers under the command of SS-Gruppenführer Karl Fischer von Treuenfeld. Kubi?, Adolf Opálka, and Josef Bublík were killed in the prayer loft after a two-hour gun battle. (Kubi? was said to have survived the battle and to have died shortly after from his injuries.) Gab?ík, Josef Valcik, Jaroslav Svarc and Jan Hruby committed suicide in the crypt after repeated SS attacks, attempts to force them out with tear gas, and Prague fire brigade trucks brought in to try to flood the crypt. The German SS and police suffered casualties, as well, with 14 SS allegedly killed and 21 wounded, according to one report, although the official SS report about the fight mentioned only five wounded SS soldiers. The men in the church had only small-caliber pistols, while the attackers had machine guns, submachine guns, and hand grenades. After the battle, ?urda confirmed the identity of the dead Czech resistance fighters, including Kubi? and Gab?ík.

(Gabcik and the others, with the exception of Kubis, who was seriously wounded by a grenade, committed suicide before the Nazis could take them alive in the Church catacombs.

Jozef Gabcik

Kubis was wounded in the gun battle and died shortly after arrival at the hospital. In revenge, the Nazis murdered 24 family members and close relatives of Jan Kubis in the concentration camp.

Jan Kubis

Adolf Opalka was injured by shrapnel, committed suicide. Shortly after his departure, on his 27thbirthday, Opalka wrote of homesickness:

I'm 27 years old today, the entire trip I pondered upon the words "Longing for home is a terrible thing, I know". Yes, only now do I know and understand. And this "homesickness" of Bo?ena Němcová, which I never understood, is nothing compared to my longing for home. I'm willing to suffer through, and do whatever it takes, but only home and home and to honestly work, work for something... How can some speak of beauty, when they've never seen Re?ice and the fields from Kordula to Re?ice, who never strolled through the warm dirt there, who never felt the warm air and over the grain fields, who never saw our chapel in the milk of white cherries, Husák's garden, which always reminded me of Sholokhov, especially the dirt lumps under the "vortex" and the "Bare Hill" and all the other places on all of which I am. Parts of me are all over the world. In England, little was left of me, maybe more in Scotland... 27 years of life behind me. Death for my homeland. With that I have dealt, and am ready to do what it takes.

Adolf Opalka

The other agents names are Josef Bublik, Jan Hruby, Josef Valcik and Jaroslav Svarc.)

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Prague.

Bishop Gorazd took the blame for the actions in the church, in an attempt to minimize the reprisals among his flock, and even wrote letters to the Nazi authorities, who arrested him on 27 June 1942 and tortured him. On 4 September 1942, the bishop, the church's priests, and senior lay leaders were taken to Kobylisy Shooting Range in a northern suburb of Prague and shot by Nazi firing squads. For his actions, Bishop Gorazd was later glorified as a martyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Future Aftermath

Heydrich's replacements were Ernst Kaltenbrunner as the chief of RSHA, and Karl Hermann Frank (27–28 May 1942) and Kurt Daluege (28 May 1942 – 14 October 1943) as the new acting Reichsprotektors. After Heydrich's death, implementation of the policies formalised at the Wannsee conference he chaired was accelerated. The first three true death camps, designed for mass killing with no legal process or pretext, were built and operated at Treblinka, Sobibór, and Be??ec. The project was named Operation Reinhard after Heydrich.

文獻全部摘自維基百科，由本人篩選和整理，主要出自如下：

Operation Anthropoid from Wikipedia

Reinhard Heydrich from Wikipedia

Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from Wikipedia

Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

German occupation of Czechoslovakia from Wikipedia

Lidice massacre from Wikipedia

Jozef Gab?ík from Wikipedia

Jan Kubi? from Wikipedia

Adolf Opálka from Wikipedia

Karel ?urda from Wikipedia

暗殺者最初躲藏于兩個布拉格家庭中，之后轉(zhuǎn)往圣濟利祿暨圣默多狄大教堂尋求庇護。蓋世太保遍尋不著，直到外距的成員卡萊爾·可達被捕，并在100萬帝國馬克賞金的誘惑下供出當?shù)亟討藛T的姓名。可達的背叛造成大量庇護家庭遭到襲擊。以莫拉維克一家為例，6月17日清晨5點，蓋世太保沖進公寓并要他們站在走廊等待。莫拉維克太太被允許去上廁所，旋即服下氰化物自殺。莫拉維克先生則同其兒子阿塔被帶往培瑟克宮（Pe?ek Palác），當時蓋世太保于捷克之總部。阿塔在里面遭到刑求，更痛苦的是見到母親的頭顱在魚缸中載浮載沉，最后他無可奈何，言其所知。 黨衛(wèi)隊在得知暗殺者所在地后，馬上包圍了教堂。然而在700多名德國士兵攻堅下，志士們皆奮戰(zhàn)至死。其中3名，包括暗殺海德里希的庫比茲，在兩小時的槍戰(zhàn)后，于禱告閣樓中被殺（亦有傳聞指出庫比茲突圍成功，但在逃出后傷重不治）。另外4名則在擊退一波黨衛(wèi)隊攻勢后，全員在地窖內(nèi)自殺，其中包括蓋伯瑟克。整個攻堅過程中，德軍動用了煙熏逼出與消防車水攻，卻仍無法抓到活口。事后黨衛(wèi)隊的傷亡人數(shù)眾說紛紜，民間傳聞14死21傷，黨衛(wèi)隊的官方數(shù)字為0死5傷。無論如何，志士們以小口徑手槍和配備機槍榴彈之德軍對峙了兩小時，仍屬不易。：勾陳一cr

看電影的時候忽然之間， 我好像就看到了二戰(zhàn)時期的abc，安灼拉可以是約瑟夫，艾潘妮是蘭卡，向?qū)Ч罪w可以是少尉，伽弗洛什是小提琴家。我曾以為的笨手笨腳的馬呂斯可能是揚，還有不知名的、會念詩的熱安，這里他說：懦夫死去無數(shù)次，但勇士只死去一次。

這里似乎沒有格朗泰爾，但或許人人都是格朗泰爾，他們質(zhì)疑自己的犧牲是否有意義，但是他們的太陽神是捷克斯洛伐克，所以他們又說，捷克斯洛伐克不會害怕，于是一個又一個人，說服下一個人拿起了槍。

可是啊，安灼拉你為什么如此理智而無畏呢。你從一開始就聲明所有捷克斯洛伐克人都準備好了為國而死，你從一開始就賭上了所有人的性命。你的冷漠，因為你不相信還有光明了么？你不相信這個生活還有值得愛的人了么？還是說，同樣的？也許，捷克斯洛伐克是你的愛人。約瑟夫相比之下，少了神性，多了人性，但是他的影子總讓我看到你。

馬呂斯，這次你戰(zhàn)死在了街壘，你的珂賽特她未來如何，你無法陪她走完了。唯有如此，我突然發(fā)現(xiàn)我是希望馬呂斯活到革命以后的。你期待一個回歸正常的生活，你值得，但你沒有得到。

然而，然而。你們知道么？因為你們七個人的六個小時，英格蘭最終向捷克斯洛伐克伸出了援手。弱國無外交，國家這樣等待救援并不光彩，但是那七個人，站著死的為國家永遠蒙上了一層光。ABC戰(zhàn)死清晨，終于喚醒了巴黎人民。同樣的，放哨的三個人沒時間去叫醒其他人，但是槍聲也喚醒了地下躲避者。從這一刻起，地上的人就沒有想過生還，對吧？像街壘一樣，這樣把自己包圍，做困獸殊死一搏。直到交戰(zhàn)的槍聲最終歸于沉寂。

安灼拉和abc的墓地在街壘，你們的墓地在教堂。

街壘和教堂。

我突然發(fā)現(xiàn)，最后的最后，主角兩個還是沒有向叛國者故意開槍，你們在想什么？為什么？人民？是人民么？

你們當然希望他們站在你們這一邊，但是又怎能苛求人人？你們是勇敢的，同樣也是寬容的。

欣慰的是，歷史是也對勇者仁慈的。你們7個和abc相比是幸運的，他們沒有成功，但你們陰差陽錯完成了刺殺。

我聽著人民之歌，寫下這些文字。電影像一篇悲慘世界的au，但是明明悲慘世界才是假的。所以啊，安灼拉你說為什么會有這么同類的事情真實發(fā)生了。你說啊，為什么這么的悲劇之上還要唱出自由的歌？我應該高興真的發(fā)生了這樣的絕唱，還是應該捶胸頓足地含淚呢。

答案是，或許同樣的，安灼拉是一種人生狀態(tài)，并不僅僅是一個角色。約瑟夫的最后一幕，可以是被救贖的肖申克，可以是倒掛街壘的安灼拉，可以是古人，可以是來者。

我想，幾百年后，另一個不叫塞尚的咖啡館，有一群不完全匹配的abc，在做著類似的革命。光是想想，我覺得已經(jīng)很幸福了。這個我生活的世界，確實有過很多悲傷。但因為你們，和無數(shù)個古往今來的你們，它并不悲慘。

我喜歡電影的運鏡，和音效，和臺詞，和主演的演技。既體現(xiàn)了人性，又沒弱智主角或者德軍。這讓帶有德國濾鏡很久的我想到，德意志其實是一個如此可怕的民族，我已經(jīng)好久沒有這樣的寒戰(zhàn)了。

近期最佳，10。特作小作文一篇，豆瓣長筆記要是能設成私密就好了。